Listening test pdf. Listen to the audio and answer questions 1 - 10.

Listening test pdf. The entire Reading test will last 75 minutes. IELTS Listening Mock Tests: Practice free online IELTS Listening PDF test papers with solved questions and answers of Audio Files of Part 1, 2, 3 & 4. Write ONE WORD for each answer. With three distinct parts, it assesses listening skills across consultations, presentations, and discussions. Below are 30 FCE Listening practice tests with answers that you can save in PDF. com, we provide free online TOEIC practice tests with scoring and detailed answer explanations to help you evaluate your English skills and prepare for the TOEIC exam to achieve the best results. Cambridge IELTS 17 academic includes 4 practice tests for all 4 skills (Listening, Reading, Writing and Speaking). 30 minutes for listening and 10 minutes for writing your answers on the answer sheet. IELTS Listening free practice questions Make sure you add our free IELTS Listening practice test sample questions to your IELTS study plan. Questions 1–6 Complete the notes below. After each recording, you will be asked five to six questions. The following IELTS Listening sample tasks are to be used with the Answer Sheet and MP3 audio files and/or transcripts. English practice TEST Practice English Listening Tests for STARTERSwith Answer and Audioscript Jan 7, 2024 · Taking a practice TOEIC test is a crucial step to assess your English proficiency and familiarize yourself with the TOEIC test structure before the official TOEIC exam. Part 1, 2, 3 and 4. here we bring 30 IELTS Listening practice tests online pdf. Get a high band score. It includes various parts where candidates listen to audio and respond by drawing lines, writing, or ticking boxes. Jun 16, 2025 · Free CAE Listening Practice Tests — save them in PDF or print online. Apr 2, 2025 · Need free TOEFL Listening practice? Check out this free PDF containing 100 TOEFL Listening exercises with answers and start practicing now! This is the end of the Listening test. It can be something like a travel agency phone conversation, a talk between a shop assistant and a customer, a chat between a landlord and a tenant, and so on. Explore now! Aug 27, 2024 · Enhance your IELTS Listening skills with our free IELTS Listening practice test. JLPT N4 Practice Test Files Below are all of the files you will need to take the N4 practice test. These tests are perfect for self-preparation! English practice TEST Practice FCE (B2) Listening Tests with Answers and Audioscripts Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Test 4 Test 5 English onversation listening tests on a variety of topics and vocabulary: There are several audio script versions and different worksheet formats. Jul 12, 2021 · Hello dear Learner in this post you will get IELTS Listening Test Sample Papers pdf 50+ with answers and audio. Tests for reading, grammar and vocabulary also available. This test is primarily for candidates who are looking to immigrate to different parts of Canada including the wonderful Montreal, Quebec. IELTS Academic Listening practice test pdf with answers The IELTS Academic Listening test is divided into four sections, each featuring different types of audio recordings, such as conversations and monologues, to simulate real exam conditions. Practice online, print it or save in PDF. The topics range from school subjects and hobbies to events and personal Are you an elementary (CEFR level A1) learner of English? Practise and improve your listening skills with these listenings and exercises. IELTS Listening Section 3 Jake: Now that we’ve done all the research into bike-sharing schemes in cities around the world, we need to think about how we’re going to organise our report. Each answer sheet indicates which recording to listen to, or if a transcript is provided. This is the latest IELTS Listening 2023 Practice Test (also available in PDF) from our LISTENING Practice Test Series. It includes activities such as drawing lines, ticking boxes, and coloring based on audio prompts. These resources are perfect for both classroom use and self-study and are available as free printable PDFs. In the Listening test Part 3 test takers will hear a conversation between two to four people set in an educational or training context, for example, a discussion between a tutor and a student about a research project. The document contains a practice listening test for the PET (B1) exam. Varied Difficulty Levels: Tailored to accommodate learners at different proficiency levels 123 Listening hosts English listening exercises, audio and matching worksheets to download and print for free. Jan 6, 2025 · Free IELTS Listening practice test. However, Cambridge IELTS 7 only synthesizes exam questions and does not provide additional knowledge. Apr 25, 2021 · IELTS Academic Listening Practice Test with PDF: This is the 24 th test of our LISTENING Practice Test Series. Practise IELTS Listening online to get a higher score. In the Listening test Part 1, test takers will hear a conversation between two people set in an everyday social context, for example, a conversation about travel arrangements. Save 40 minutes every day! Jul 24, 2024 · Unlock success in IELTS Listening with our IELTS Listening practice tests PDFs. To help you get ready, here are some sample tests for the Academic test. Buckworth Conservation Group and Labyrinths. It evaluates the candidate’s ability to comprehend spoken English within various healthcare contexts, reflecting real-life situations. The questions test your comprehension of both short and long conversations and talks. With these official practice materials you can: get used to the test format experience the types of tasks Practice More English Exercises to Improve Your Skills Practice Cam Listening Test with Answer & Transcript 100 TOPICS for ielts Speaking Part 2 with Band 8 Sample 70 TOPICS for ielts Speaking Part 2 with Band 8+ Sample Recordings Listening practice to help you understand common vocabulary and expressions in short, clear dialogues. This page should automatically redirect. Listen to the audio and answer questions 1 - 10. IELTS Listening practice: the biggest collection of FREE IELTS Listening tests. This test is divided into موسسه زبان انگلیسی و موسسه آیلتس - بیان برتر | منتخب ۵۰ Jul 14, 2023 · IELTS Book 18 is a comprehensive practice test book for the International English Language Testing System (IELTS). Practice More English Exercises to Improve Your Skills Practice Cam Listening Test with Answer & Transcript 100 TOPICS for ielts Speaking Part 2 with Band 8 Sample 70 TOPICS for ielts Speaking Part 2 with Band 8+ Sample Recordings This document outlines a practice English listening test for B1 level students, consisting of four parts with various questions related to listening comprehension. The statements will not be printed in your test book and will be spoken only one time. Listening When you reach the Listening comprehension section (page 12 in the pdf test), listen to the audio samples below and mark the best answers. Practice from these IELTS listening practice papers to score a band score of 9. It lasts for 30 minutes and consists of four sections, each having 10 questions for a total of 40. The questions are equally divided between all the parts. Explore now! Oct 28, 2022 · However, Lessons for IELTS Listening is a book dedicated to forming test techniques and practising Listening skills for the IELTS test. The test assesses students' ability to Jun 5, 2025 · IELTS General Listening Mock Practice Test #4 2024. IELTS Listening Structure Section 1 is a conversation between two people who make an arrangement. IELTS Listening module contains 4 sections with 40 questions. Each part contains five questions related to different scenarios involving characters like Peter, Jim, Sally, and others. Oct 28, 2023 · [Latest] Cambridge IELTS Series 01 – 17 with Answers (PDF & Audio CD) Cambridge Practice Tests for IELTS 1-17 is an useful resource of materials published by Cambridge University Press to help you prepare for your IELTS exam in the best way. Must try before real exam !! Jun 17, 2025 · Check out all Cambridge IELTS 1-16 Listening test audio transcripts to complement your general or academic listening practice. 4®TOEICListening and Reading Practice Test 3. English practice TEST Practice PET (B1) Listening Tests with Answers and Audioscripts Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Test 4 Test 5 The latest Cambridge IELTS 19 PDF book, audio and online practice tests have been published on our site. Test 7 Test 8 Test 9 Listening for Names, Spellings and Other Information Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Apr 29, 2025 · 5 Free Practice Tests (Online & PDF) | B2 First (FCE) Reading, Use of English, Listening Practice Tests. We have compiled sample questions for your reference, with one question set in each part. 000 years ago show evidence of tooth decay and the earliest recorded mention of oral disease was in 5000 BC Learn with A1 listening lessons! Engaging videos and comprehension tests for ESL learners. Finish a test to see your CAE grade! May 3, 2025 · Explore the full Cambridge IELTS series 1–19: Official practice tests with answers, download links, strategy tips, and model answers for all levels. Check full transcriptions after taking the tests. Take Beginner, Elementary, Pre-Intermediate, Intermediate, Upper-Intermediate, Advanced Level tests (A1, A2, B1, B2, C1, C2 level) online and download tests as a PDF files with answer key. Includes lessons, tips, videos answer explanations, and score reports. Learn how to prepare effectively with this detailed guide. Different question types are used, chosen from the following: multiple choice, matching, plan/map/diagram labelling, form/note/table/flow-chart/summary completion, sentence completion. Nov 3, 2022 · IELTS listening practice test PDFs are a convenient and accessible resource that you can use to improve your listening skills in preparation for the IELTS exam. Continue A1 LISTENING COMPETENCY TEST Mid-Course Test Time Approximately 20 minutes INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS Do not open this question paper until you are told to do so. The recordings are heard only once. Sep 1, 2024 · At the end of the Cambridge 7 pdf book, there will be a tapescript section with answers to Listening and Reading tests. MUST TRY BEFORE EXAM !!! Dec 5, 2023 · Looking for IELTS Answer Sheets? Download Listening Reading Writing Task 1 & 2 Answer Sheets in PDF to better prepare for IELTS. Most audio passages last between 1-3 minutes and fall under one of the following topics: Astronomy, World History, American History, Anatomy and Physiology, Biology, Psychology, Sociology, Economics, Chemistry, and Physics. Boost your skills and improve your score. May 12, 2025 · IELTS Listening Practice Tests help you improve your listening skills, understand question types, and become familiar with different accents. All tests are based on real exam patterns and correspond to the actual difficulty level you may find in the IELTS. Apr 25, 2025 · Unlock success in IELTS Listening with our IELTS Listening practice tests. While you are listening, write your answers on the Practice More English Exercises to Improve Your Skills Practice Cam Listening Test with Answer & Transcript 100 TOPICS for ielts Speaking Part 2 with Band 8 Sample 70 TOPICS for ielts Speaking Part 2 with Band 8+ Sample Recordings Choose 5 answers from the box and write the correct letters A-H next to questions 6-10. It contains four complete examination papers, with answers, and sample writing answers. Collection of CPE practice tests found on the Internet here to help you succeed in your Cambridge exam. English Verbs and Tenses Exercises with Answers and ExplanationsEnglish Listening Exercises for Beginner with Answers Practice Toeic Tests – make you aware of certain test-taking skills; – make you familiar with the format of the test; and – improve your total score. IELTSFever Listening Test 20 2 https://ieltsfever. This test is divided into موسسه زبان انگلیسی و موسسه آیلتس - بیان برتر | منتخب ۵۰ Boost B1 listening prowess! Immersive videos and comprehension challenges for ESL enthusiasts. There are three parts, and directions are given for each part. Part 1 has questions about plans and activities from a conversation. Jan 29, 2025 · Boost your IELTS Listening skills with the IELTS Listening Recent Actual Tests Volume 1 (PDF + Audio). Access 30+ free IELTS General Training practice tests (PDF) here to prepare for Reading, Writing, Listening & Speaking. Each part includes questions that ask for specific information, such as choosing the correct answer or filling in gaps with words, numbers, or dates. Jun 20, 2017 · Free Listening Practice Tests with audio and answers Ielts exam Free Listening Practice Hello Dear Students here are you got 30 Listening practice tests with answers and audio files in PDF format free of cost kindly share this post with your loved ones thanks if you have any suggestions plz leave a comment or if you have any doubt about emailing us on help@ieltsfever. TOEIC®Listening and Reading Practice Test 3 1. The document also provides instructions and examples for each part of the listening test. Detailed transcriptions available post-test. Attached to the book is an audio file of Listening and a sample article for the Writing section. Turn to Part 5 in your test book. Calculate the result On the last page (p 15), you will find the correct answers to the test questions and the formula for the calculation of the percentage score. Answers and transcriptions are included. That’s why we’ve put lots of support and practice tests for you in one place! We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. PRACTICE NOW TO GET BAND 8+ PROFICIENCY !! Preparing for your IELTS Academic test We want you to do well in your test. The book contains thematic lessons, instructions on the test process and practice exercises in each format. Jul 30, 2025 · OET Listening sub-test for healthcare professionals, including nurses, is a critical component of the OET examination. com Dec 2, 2022 · IELTS listening practice test 2023 pdf is now available online with audio and answers. Jun 5, 2025 · Practice this Cambridge IELTS 2 Listening Test 02 with answers, downloadable pdf and audio transcript. Each listening has a tapescript with answers. Succeed in your Cambridge exam Free online IELTS Listening practice tests to help improve your IELTS Listening scores and prepare you for your IELTS exam. Car Tours in the USA. and time total time has 40 minutes. The document is a sample paper for the A2 Flyers Listening exam, consisting of 25 questions to be completed in 20 minutes. The book also includes detailed explanations of the different parts of the test, as well as tips and strategies for improving your IELTS score. Succeed in your Cambridge exam and advance your career and education Improve your listening skills by practising with our A1, A2, B1 and B2 listening tests. Over 125 listening tests online. Access here. There are also worksheet templates you can use to make resources to match your lesson plans. If nothing is happening please use the continue link below. I recommend printing each file first, this way you can take the test away from a computer. 2. Download the full-length English B1 practice test (mock test) with keys in a pdf file for free on the link below (no registration needed). com IELTS Listening General Practice Test (with PDF Download): This is the 35 th test of our LISTENING Practice Test Series. Download Cambridge IELTS 19 Academic and General Training free PDF book with audio and answers, available in a print/online bundle. There are 10 questions and they are in the same order as the audio recording. Situations include phone calls, meetings and interviews. Information about this section of IELTS In the Listening test Part 1, test takers will hear a conversation between two people set in an everyday social context, for example, a conversation about travel arrangements. The CASAS Listening STEPS (Student Test of English Progress and Success) assessment is aligned with the English Language Proficiency (ELP) Standards for Adult Education and includes 5 test levels to support improved accuracy resulting in better student outcomes. Section 1 is a phone conversation between a Manager of a community centre and a woman who is inquiring about Practice IELTS listening tests with sample questions and answers to improve your skills and prepare effectively for the exam. Situations include simple explanations, introductions, messages and announcements. Each test has a transcripts to help you understand the answers better. Whether your goal is to study, work or live in an English-speaking environment, this list of examiner approved test tips will help you to understand what examiners are looking for and provide helpful insights and reminders to help you do your best in the IELTS Listening test. This diversity ensures that learners encounter vocabulary and concepts relevant to various contexts, preparing them for real-world language use. Here you can practice and Download IELTS listening test online with audio or download a pdf listening will take a total of 40 minutes, 30 minutes for listening, and 10 minutes extra to write down your answers on a sheet. A score of 65% or more means you would pass Each activity aims to improve listening skills, vocabulary, and pronunciation at the A2 level. Save it in PDF or print online. Listening When you reach the Listening comprehension section (page 8 in the pdf test), listen to the audio samples below and mark the best answers. . Part 2 contains questions about opinions on a film, biology homework, and a TV interview. Nov 26, 2023 · 120 Listening Reading Practice Tests Diversity of Topics: The practice tests cover a wide array of topics, ranging from everyday scenarios to academic subjects. B2 Listening Task 1: B2 Listening Task 2: 3. How to download IELTS Mock Test into PDF File? The CASAS Listening STEPS (Student Test of English Progress and Success) assessment is aligned with the English Language Proficiency (ELP) Standards for Adult Education and includes 5 test levels to support improved accuracy resulting in better student outcomes. NO TEST MATERIAL ON THIS PAGE READING TEST In the Reading test, you will read a variety of texts and answer several different types of reading comprehension questions. Listening is one of the four main sections in the IELTS academic and general test and is easy to score if you have done enough preparation. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Write your name on this question paper. Jan 28, 2020 · Download All Cambridge Books 1-19 PDF The IELTS test is a widely recognized English language proficiency test taken by students, professionals and migrants all over the world. Jul 29, 2025 · 5 Free Practice Tests B1 Preliminary (PET) Reading & Listening Practice Tests. [30] IELTS Listening Section 4 Welcome once again to ‘Introduction to dentistry’ and in today’s lecture we’ll be looking at the history of dentistry through the ages. The IELTS Listening test includes a variety of tasks. Jul 29, 2021 · If you're looking for high-quality, free IELTS Listening practice tests online, we have them all compiled for you in this handy guide! Jul 29, 2025 · Cambridge English Proficiency (CPE) Practice Tests with key free. Explore now! Aug 5, 2025 · Mục lục Tài liệu luyện thi IELTS Listening Dự án 30-day-listening-challenge BBC 6-minute English Tổng hợp đề thi thật IELTS Listening Official IELTS Practice Materials Get ready for success in B1 Listening! Are you preparing for the B1 Skills for English test? Finding Listening materials at the right level can be a challenge. Now, skulls of the Cro-Magnon people who inhabited the Earth 25. Do not look at the questions before you listen. It includes 4 parts with multiple choice questions testing comprehension of short audio passages. With more than 120+ IELTS Listening sample tests, including both Academic & General Training, the super pack comes in handy as compact PDF files for every test we serve on the website so that you can easily access and practice IELTS listening tests anywhere and anytime you want. Each practice test is carefully compiled, so that the test questions have the same format as the real exam. Audio is also available here click on the audio three dots and download it on your mobile or laptop. This part tests your ability to catch and understand factual information. Download free ESL listening comprehension worksheets with audio and answers in PDF format! Improve your listening skills with comprehension exercises, audio, and transcript. Therefore, most IELTS candidates have to practice through the Cambridge IELTS test sets before taking the test, to be familiar with the format as well as to practice their Listening practice to help you understand the main points of clear, standard speech about everyday or job-related topics. English practice TEST Practice KET (A2) Listening Tests with Answers and Audioscripts Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Test 4 Test 5 Get daily, free IELTS Listening practice and mock tests complete with questions, answers, lessons, and tips—delivered straight to your WhatsApp and Telegram. Try it now to maximise your band scores, listening isn't that easy after all. English Verbs and Tenses Exercises with Answers and ExplanationsEnglish Listening Exercises for Beginner with Answers FCE Listening Practice Tests 30 Cambridge English: First (FCE, B2) Listening Practice Tests with answer keys and tapescripts. At Englishfreetest. All tests are based on real exam patterns and correspond to actual difficulty level you may find in the IELTS. This is the end of the Listening test. Explore now! Jun 20, 2025 · The IELTS Listening Practice Test PDF article is for those who are looking to prepare for the IELTS and wants to score the best band score on this test. ***Note that there are only academic Beginner English listening practice. To prepare well for the IELTS test, practicing with authentic material is a must. A score of 65% Elevate your A2 listening skills! Delightful videos and tests designed for ESL students. Attempt real exam questions and answers to ensure top performance! Advertisements ielts academic Cambridge Practice Listening with Answers and Transcripts Cam 20 Test 1 Transcripts Jun 5, 2025 · IELTS Listening Mock Practice Test PDF To download this IELTS Listening Mock Practice Test PDF and audio transcript, please write your email in the comment section below. A2 Listening Task 1: A2 Listening Task 2: A2 Listening Task 3: 3. Jun 12, 2023 · IELTS Cambridge Book 17 Listening Test 1 with answers and audio for free. Statement (C), “They’re sitting at a table,” is the best description of the picture, so you should select answer (C) and mark it on your answer sheet. Practice real exam audio to improve accuracy, speed, and score in the IELTS Listening module. Each edition contains four complete tests for the General Training module with Answers Key and a clear explanation of the scoring system Section 1 – Listening Comprehension The Listening section contains recorded material that includes the vocabulary and idiomatic expressions typical of spoken English, as well as grammatical constructions used in speech. The Listening test is the same for both IELTS Academic and IELTS General Training and consists of four recorded monologues and conversations. The Free TOEFL Listening Test Instructions The listening section tests your ability to understand and remember information from English lectures and conversations. This test is divided into four sections – 1, 2, 3 and 4. Expert guidance, mock tests, and strategies to enhance your listening proficiency. Complete a test to see your score (out of 190) and your B2 listening grade. You can Take Cambridge IELTS Book 19 Practice Tests Online for both Academic and General Training to prepare effectively for your IELTS listening, reading, writing, and speaking exams. Jul 24, 2024 · Unlock success in IELTS Listening with our IELTS Listening practice tests PDFs. All these materials you find totally free of cost. Answer all the questions. All tests are based on the 2022-23 exam pattern and correspond to the actual level of difficulty you may find in the IELTS. Access free online IELTS Listening practice tests for IELTS Listening practise with expert IELTS Listening advice to boost preparation for your desired band score of 9. Reading, Use of English, Listening Practice Tests (online) Practice More English Exercises to Improve Your Skills Practice Cam Listening Test with Answer & Transcript 100 TOPICS for ielts Speaking Part 2 with Band 8 Sample 70 TOPICS for ielts Speaking Part 2 with Band 8+ Sample Recordings The IELTS listening practice test contains sample papers, practice papers, and PDFs of the latest IELTS listening questions. May 21, 2022 · With each book IELTS Listening Recent Actual Test will provide you with 6 exam questions, so with 4 books, you have 24 IELTS listening test questions to practice (Full PDF + Audio). The marks are distributed Prepare for your IELTS Listening test with part 1 of this free Listening practice test. Free IELTS listening practice test. There are 10 questions, and they are in the same order as the audio recording. Though you will likely need to use a computer to listen to the audio for the listening section. Jul 14, 2025 · Prepare with Cambridge IELTS 20 Listening Test 4. Practice More English Exercises to Improve Your Skills Practice Cam Listening Test with Answer & Transcript 100 TOPICS for ielts Speaking Part 2 with Band 8 Sample 70 TOPICS for ielts Speaking Part 2 with Band 8+ Sample Recordings Jun 9, 2025 · Cambridge IELTS 4 Listening Test 4 with answers, downloadable pdf and audio transcript. You may take notes while you listen. Listening and Speaking tests are the same for IELTS Academic and IELTS General Training, but the Reading and Writing tests are different. Jul 10, 2025 · Reading, Use of English, Listening Practice Tests (online & pdf) Collection of CAE Exam practice tests found on the Internet here to help you succeed in your Cambridge exam, so you can migrate to Australia or go on to higher education The IELTS listening test is designed to assess your ability to understand spoken English. Listening sample tasks Listening sample Apr 28, 2020 · Cambridge IELTS General Training PDF 1-19 Free Download Cambridge IELTS 1-19 General Training PDFs offer a favorable opportunity for IELTS learners to get themselves familiarized with IELTS and to use authentic test material for practicing exam techniques. Sep 2, 2024 · Unlock success in TOEFL Listening with our TOEFL Listening practice tests. The document outlines a listening exercise for a Movers English language assessment, consisting of multiple parts with various question formats. org help@ieltsfever. It includes multiple-choice questions about a cooking competition, an interview with a singer, a course offered by a youth organization, and a discussion about a school sports day poster. Listening Comprehension Worksheets (B2 and B2+) This sections provides you with Listening Comprehension tasks in PDF Format as well as links to the audio resources . The listening test is the same regardless of whether you are taking the IELTS academic or general training module. It assesses a person’s ability to read, write, speak and listen in English. 4. Feb 15, 2024 · The IELTS Listening test consists of 4 parts and 40 questions. Access audio recordings, sample questions, and answers. Improve your Beginner English listening with free listening exercises. First, you should download the: blank answer sheet Jul 14, 2025 · Prepare with Cambridge IELTS 20 Listening Test 4. They include a range of accents, including British, Australian The document consists of multiple listening comprehension exercises for a KET (A2) test, divided into five parts with questions requiring answers about various scenarios. How to Use This Book This book is a compilation of 50 short listening passages and 100 questions for the TOEFL listening section. you can download tests and printouts. Access complete transcriptions post-answer. PRACTICE CAMBRIDGE IELTS 1-16 LISTENING TESTS WITH ANSWERS AND AUDIO TRANSCRIPTS. We’ll send it across at the speed of light. IELTS Listening Practice tests - save them in PDF or print online! Each test has answer keys and tapescripts with highlighted answers. Mix and match the audio and worksheets to vary the difficulty. Listen to the instructions for each part of the paper carefully. Use it to assess your English-language skills and get a better idea of where you might need to improve to succeed in your IELTS test. CELPIP General and CELPIP General LS Practice Test Questions Taking the Canadian English Language Proficiency Index Program? Practice questions for listening comprehension and reading comprehension. Calculate the result On the last page (p10), you will find the correct answers to the test questions and the formula for calculating the percentage score. Part 3 involves filling blanks with details from a video game review You can test your English skills from easy to master level. Test your listening skills by taking a free full IELTS Listening Practice Test (same as the IELTS exam). English practice Practice English Listening Tests B1 with Answers & Transcripts Listening Test 01 Listening Test 02 Listening Test 03 Listening Test 04 Take our free English listening level test and find your English level. Listen to each recording only once. bxnvdv tyvrhhh zob avqhz zfvjwyta ywj bqhk eefgsug yewa oxpqrs