Op amp oscilloscope. This is the 2nd part of my test signal video.
Op amp oscilloscope. In order to do this lab you need to understand the characteristics of operational amplifiers (op amps). In the following picture we can see an open loop gain & phase of the used OP-AMP (TL081): Mar 24, 2023 · Op-Amp used was LMV324. The design uses a non-inverting op amp circuit configuration suitable for basic OpAmp Basics: This project is a brief introduction to build a simple signal processing circuit. Mar 10, 2022 · Figure 4: Inverting Amplifier 17. Maximum output current and resistance would also be limiting factor. Redirecting to /core/books/abs/handson-electronics/introduction-to-operational-amplifiers/AE797034BB20535D22CEAB548CF89228 oscilloscope scope probe on the function generator and another on the output of the amplifier. Often, this is one aspect of a process called “signal conditioning” where the signal is conditioned to properly drive the next device within a system. Experiment 4. This tells us how to find Pin 1: the dot is located next Using the circuit of Fig. Specifically, two key configurations will be examined. 2 Background In this experiment you will examine the properties of several of the most often used op amp circuits. Problem: Op-Amp circuit begins to work only when an oscilloscope probe (set to 10x) is connected to the input of the op-amp. These tasks Figure 3: The The pinout diagram for the LM741 op amp can be completed with the components listed above IC and is shown recollection in figure of 1. The oscilloscope's built-in signal generator is used as Operational Amplifier Circuits as Computational Devices So far we have explored the use of op amps to multiply a signal by a constant. Apply a sine wave input of 200 mV peak-to-peak (frequency 1 kHz) to Vin in circuit 1. Record Vout at frequencies of 10, 100, 1 k, 10 k, 100 k and 1 MHz. I'm still grappling with the girl thing. To power the op amp, use the DC power supply with the configuration in Figure 2. PHY2028 Troubleshooting Op-Amp Circuits Introduction The ability to diagnose and cure problems in a systematic manner is an exceptionally valuable skill. Utilizing the data sheets we are required to look up to offer values to upcoming op amps in previous labs is how we will conduct this lab. Document the measurements in a data table in your report, including the values of Rin, Rf , Vin, Vout and the voltage gain G. Observe both traces together on the oscilloscope and adjust the potentiometer so that the output sinusoid is not distorted. You're ready to test your first amp. So to be safe: Either use an isolation transformer or a Op amps are very high gain amplifiers with differential inputs and single-ended outputs. Pick some operational amplifiers with reasonable common mode rejection at 10 MHz and you are all set. Apr 24, 2021 · The "operational" in "operational amplifier" means that it's designed to be very versatile at making circuits do various mathematical operations. In real physics experiments, transducers are used to convert basic physical quantities into electric signals, as shown in Figure 1. 2. In order to achieve this, op-amps, by themselves, have very high voltage gain -- usually \$10^5\$ or \$10^6\$. It is a decompensated op amp that is gain-of-10 stable. Lab 12: Op Amps: Characteristics and Applications In this lab you will build 6 different op amp circuits. A shutdown feature can be used to lower power consumption when the amplifier is not in use. Av = - Rf / R1 Rf = 10k Ohms or 10,000 Ohms R1 = 1k Ohms or 1000 Ohms Therefore Av = - (10,000 / 1000) Av = - 10 The hyphen '-' shows that the amplifier is inverting So the maths breadboarding. A level shifting circuit, as depicted in Figure 2, can be used to manipulate the input signal to be readily observed on the oscilloscope. ) 𝙊𝙨𝙘𝙞𝙡𝙡𝙤𝙨𝙘𝙤𝙥𝙚 Build the difference amplifier circuit in Figure 1. The theoretical gain for an inverting op-amp is the following: ( The theoretical gain was calculated using the values of the resistors. The inverting amplifier uses negative feedback to control the gain. The X axis is set to 0. With the power supplied to the circuit and a proper waveform as an input, Aug 7, 2023 · Introduction: In this lab, we will use a virtual oscilloscope to ascertain the slew rate of an op amp. So I have an inverting op amp (gain = -1) wired up, and it works with a DC signal. It operates on 3. Here, a portion of the output signal is sent back to the input and summed out of phase with the input signal. 0-4 + lecture notes. The design uses LTC6268-10 op amps which are 4GHz FET input operational amplifiers with extremely low input bias current and low input capacitance. This module will guide you through the procedure of using an LM358 operational amplifier (Op Amp) to provide gain to a small voltage Dec 7, 2023 · Oh, I like that idea, and it is simpler than a complete instrumentation or difference amplifier. It is a five terminal four port active element. Jul 28, 2020 · It's fairly easy to test whether an op-amp works or not, but as mentioned above, much more difficult to verify it's genuine and not counterfeit. Components: The following circuits use the 741 op amp in the 8-pin DIP package. In reality OP-AMPs have only an amplification of approximately V=106 over a small frequency range from DC – 10Hz (caused by the internal design of an OP-AMP). Time constant is equal to 4ns, that would result in pretty high oscillation frequency, probably exceeding op amp bandwidth. making sure to connect the correct resistors to the inverting and non-inverting inputs. On the classic 741, this pole starts coming into effect at 5Hz. This is the 2nd part of my test signal video • DIY audio amplifier test tone with built The connections are done as shown in the figure below: Figure 3: Schematic of measurement setup Connect the Bode 100 output to the input of the inverting op-amp circuit. Ensuring their optimal performance requires proper testing, and an oscilloscope is an indispensable tool for this task. Unfortunately, oscilloscope overdrive recovery characteristics vary widely among different types and are not usually specified. The divider would have to be very high impedance otherwise there is still current flowing from the negative to earth ground. I made a simple non-inverting amplifier using the MCP6021 op-amp as shown in the circuit below. If the 555 ouputs good not ringing rectangular pulses with An ideal operational amplifier has an amplification of A=∞ at every frequency. For the inverting amplifier the multiplication constant is the gain − R 2 and for the non inverting amplifier the multiplication constant is the gain 1+ Place the input signal at the appropriate pin and observe the output voltage swing from the op-amp on an oscilloscope. You have also experimented with amplifiers in a previous lab. Distortion is not your friend here (unless you are a guitarist) and, it can skew the 3 dB points a little if you are not careful about managing things correctly. You will breadboard several circuits containing resistors and operational amplifiers (op-amps). Equipment Oscilloscope, power supply, op-amp circuit board and function generator. A partial list of operational differences include: the number of op-amps in each integrated circuit, the family of transistors used to construct the op-amp (CMOS, JFET, bipolar) the number of power supplies needed (1 or 2), the range May 30, 2012 · A simple non-inverting amplifier can be unstable or have excessive overshoot and ringing if the phase shift or delay created by the op amp’s input capacitance (plus some stray capacitance) reacting with the feedback network resistance is too great. The LTC6268-10 single op amp is available in 8-lead SOIC and 6-lead SOT-23 packages. How to test an op-amp In this article, I’ll show you quickly and simply how to test an op-amp. CIR Download the SPICE file The challenge sounds simple enough - take a 60 Hz (or 50 Hz) sinewave from the AC power line and convert it to a square wave. The Oscilloscope, is attached to both V in and V out of the operational amplifier circuit for the purpose of looking at how the op amp changes voltage. The clamp diodes at the probe point are intended to reduce swing during amplifier slewing, preventing excessive oscil-loscope overdrive. 18. Design the amplifier with a gain of -10 [V/V], connect a Dec 31, 2024 · Unwanted ringing appears also when a non-experienced oscilloscope user has (for covenience) a long extra ground wire, maybe even the ground is taken to the oscilloscope with the other probe. The Operational Amplifier circuit is our circuit design for testing. Mar 3, 2014 · In most op amps, a dominant pole at a low frequency is introduced to provide stability. How to Build a Inverting Op Amp Circuit In this project, we will show how to build an inverting op amp circuit using an LM741 op amp chip. While buil Feb 19, 2022 · Is op amp powered from differential power supply? With single ended supply circuit won't oscillate, because for 0 at the output, voltage at negative terminal can't fall below 0. Purpose This lab will explore the finite frequency response of the op-amp in more detail, and introduce Gain-Bandwidth Product and Slew Rate limitations. Connect channel 0 of the scope to the input signal across the function generator and channel 1 at the output of the op-amp pin 6. Circuits that perform close to perfect mathematical operations (addition, subtraction, integration, and diferentiation ) can be constructed using negative and operational feedback. There are many types of oscilloscopes out there, and each is a little differ… OBJECTIVES After performing this lab exercise, learner will be able to: Design & build Opamp Integrator circuit Use 2231A power supply to provide bipoal DC voltage (+/- 10V) to the OPAMP circuit Use digital oscilloscope’s trigger to capture and display the signal Establish relationship between input and output signal Jul 30, 2020 · I'm trying to use a piezo disc as a sensor do detect slight vibrations, I see the signal on an oscilloscope, it needs to be amplified. Construct the voltage follower circuit shown in Figure 3. In this comprehensive guide, we will delve into the intricacies of how to test audio amplifiers with an oscilloscope, empowering you to troubleshoot, analyze, and optimize your 1 Introduction This lab is designed to teach students how to read and obtain data from integrated circuit (IC) component specification (spec) sheets, through operational amplifier (op-amp) specs. Nov 17, 2016 · Using only op amps, resistors, and a normal lab oscilloscope, how can you make a precise measurement of the capacitance of an unknown capacitor? This is a bonus question on my problem set but it sounds crazy. Analog Integrated Circuits and Lab – Week 3 Lab Practical Op-Amps – Understanding Op Amp Parameters The purpose of this lab is to useMultisim to determine the slew rate of an op-amp using a virtual oscilloscope. An op amp differential amplifier can be created by combining both a non-inverting voltage amplifier and an inverting voltage amplifier in a single stage. In particular, measurements of the op-amp transfer function can be set up using an oscilloscope, waveform or arbitrary function generator, and a simple circuit. May 2, 2018 · 9. Unfortunately, you can’t do this with an op-amp. Inverting Operational Amplifier The inverting operational amplifier circuit is the simplest and most commonly used op-amp topology where its output voltage changes in the opposite direction to its input voltage Feb 29, 2024 · When I connect an oscilloscope (DS1104) to J1 - output of the op-amp, I see a weird oscillation at the output even when nothing is fed into VIN. We use three types of scopes and play around with some of the features form each. Jun 30, 2017 · There are a variety of op-amp parameters that are important. Found. As previously was said Objective: In this lab we introduce the operational amplifier (op amp), an active circuit that is designed with certain characteristics (high input resistance, low output resistance, and a large differential gain) that make it a nearly ideal amplifier and useful building block in many circuit applications. Determine the positive and negative slew rates of the op-amp, based on the output voltage rise and fall times. Let the oscilloscope do the subtraction. Connect the +/- 15V power supply to the corresponding op amp pinouts. You will be using the In this demo, we start to work with the function generator and oscilloscope. In this experiment, an The circuit is certainly bare bones. When connecting signals and power supply voltages to your op amp chip, always disable the power supply and the signal generator until you have double checked your wiring. (Differential Probes are afik OP amp based with very very high impedance). Mar 20, 2024 · Audio amplifiers play a crucial role in powering our music, movies, and other audio experiences. It's like the first time you were with a girl; you've heard a lot of stuff but Fear not. Jan 11, 2022 · You should use your oscilloscope to ensure that the op-amp output does not visibly distort when making measurements in your experiment. The circuit includes a 22 kHz Wien-bridge oscillator with amplitude adjustment. With a probe on the input I can at least see values on the ADC and get an accurate reading on the I/O pin. This video shows how to measure output level and gain of an audio amplifier using the PicoScope 4262. The square wave output of an oscilloscope is used as the input signal to the op amp (with a 100 ohm shunt resistor to reduce Outline Very often you will find yourself in need of a way to provide gain (amplify) to a voltage signal. By connecting the negative output from channel 1 and the positive output from channel 2, the new reference ground allows the power supply to output positive and negative There are thousands of different types of op-amps, but the majority of the differences in op-amp performance characteristics are beyond the scope of this course. Channel 1 is connected to the inverting input of the op-amp and channel 2 to the output of the op-amp circuit to measure the open loop gain. Jul 1, 2014 · Op amps are high gain differential amplifiers. Apply a negative voltage equal in magnitude to the input voltage to the summing input of the op-amp through the resistor R2. I checked the DC signal by measuring the input and output voltages with a multimeter which were 5V and -5V, respec An operational amplifier ("op amp") is a direct-coupled, differential-input, high- gain voltage amplifier, usually packaged in the form of a small integrated circuit. The lab also considers input offset voltage and bias currents Purpose This lab will explore the finite frequency response of the op-amp in more detail, and introduce Gain-Bandwidth Product and Slew Rate limitations. They can also be used to take derivatives and integrals. :) The Now, use either the oscilloscope or digital voltmeter (DMM) to measure the output voltage on your op amp for each Vin. Op Amp Golden Rules (memorize these rules) 1) The op amp has infinite To gain experience with design and construction of op-amp IC circuits, explore simple amplifier concepts and algebraic functional circuits, and further develop skills with the oscilloscope. But in open-loop measurements their high open-loop gain, which may be as great as 10 7 or more, makes it very hard to avoid errors from very small voltages at the amplifier input due to pickup Oscilloscope How To: This tutorial will guide you through the basics of using an oscilloscope, it is meant for someone with very little or no experience with electronics or oscilloscopes. It will accept a signal from the function generator and will couple it via a first op amp in a buffer or impedance… Apr 19, 2019 · You've done a ton of reading, pulled the trigger and bought an oscilloscope. These included amplifiers, analog summers and subtractors, differential amplifiers, buffers, and active filters. So you hook up an op amp as a comparator to do the job. There are many types of oscilloscopes out there, and each is a little differ… Operational Amplifier Circuits as Computational Devices So far we have explored the use of op amps to multiply a signal by a constant. The OPA653 combines a very wideband voltage-feedback operational amplifier with a JFET-input stage with internal gain setting resistors to achieve an ultra-high, dynamic-range amplifier for fixed gain of +2-V/V or –1-V/V applications. Operational amplifiers (op-amp) can be used to perform a myriad of useful functions. That means that if you were using this op amp with no negative feedback, at its 5Hz -3dB point would have a 45 degree phase shift from the input. I'm only interesting in the positive output of Feb 1, 2009 · Operational amplifiers, or "op-amps", are the most practical way of amplifying signals for the vast majority of all analytical measurements. Non-linear op amp circuits that employ positive feedback are also useful. We will examine how closely the LM741 op-amp approaches the ideal op-amp model. For this, I wanted to use a . There's a good reason why the wire of the probe ground clip is only about 10 centimeters long and even it is sometimes too long with fast pulses. The phase output connects to pin 2 (inverting input) of the LM741 The purpose of this lab is to investigate op-amp performance in various gain configurations. A resistor is a simple passive component whereas an op-amp is a complex circuit made up of many components. Both in Multisim and in the real world, function generators and especially oscilloscopes are among the most, if not the most, commonly utilized electronic instruments. In the first exercise, high-input resistance, unity-gain amplifiers based on the non-inverting configuration are introduced to In the time domain, a transient analysis in the lab, with the results displayed on and oscilloscope, can indicate whether there is a stability problem in the op amp circuit. Rf and R1 control the GAIN. 1, attach channel 1 of the oscilloscope to the non-inverting terminal of the op-amp and and channel 2 to the output. 1: Positive Feedback and the Barkhausen Criterion In earlier work, we examined the concept of negative feedback. Jun 8, 2024 · This blog post provides a comprehensive guide on how to test op amps using an oscilloscope, empowering you with the knowledge and skills to verify the functionality of these essential components. They are often used in high precision analog circuits, so it is important to measure their performance accurately. The lab also considers input offset voltage and bias currents The Oscilloscope screenshot of the input waveform (pk-pk (1) / Blue) and the output waveform (pk-pk (2) / Pink) is shown in Figure 1. 1V to 5. Another important application of an op-amp circuit is the Feb 4, 2023 · When I connect the ground of the oscilloscope probe to the Vcc- of the op-amp, and the red crocodile cable to the IN+ of the op-amp, the sine wave is distorted (see photo attached). This lab will also have students learn SPICE simulation, through Multisim, to predict behaviors of electronic circuits. The term "operational" dates back to the early days of analog computers when these devices were employed in circuits that performed mathematical operations such as addition, May 8, 2023 · Op-amp oscillations and instabilities can be measured with two instruments: an oscilloscope and a gain-phase analyzer. The result is stability in the circuit response because the large open-loop gain effectively forces Feedback Feedback is the signal from the Op Amp output, fed back to the input, through Rf. Oscilloscope and I/O Signals with Op Amp Explain in Sinhala (Recommended for Advanced Level Students. 1V/div and the Y axis is set to 1V/div. Unlike discrete differential amplifiers, op amps have essentially infinite differential gain (gains over 107 are readily available), negligible common mode gain, extremely high input impedance, very low output impedance Description of the wiring and setup for an inverting op amp (LM358N). Choose the Op-Amp circuit that can produce this input/output waveforms: 090-X 20124 MY54102050. 25V supply and consumes 16. If AVOL in Equation 1 and Equation 2 is infinite, the closed-loop gain becomes exactly equal to the noise gain, 1/β. We shall contrast the oscilloscope-measured values with the normal values. An amplifier is usually needed to raise the small transducer voltage (μV to mV) to 1 In this laboratory, you will be given a series of 1. The resistor is working, simple. This signal will serve as a clock to drive counters for a 24 hour time clock. Testing an amplifier with an oscilloscope is a valuable tool for assessing its performance and identifying any potential problems. Mar 18, 2022 · A voltage divider will not necessarily prevent you from accidentally shortening your amp, if you have class D or bridged amps to measure. U1 is a general-purpose low offset operational amplifier. This video is about using oscilloscopes when we test op amps. This setup will allow you to play with operational amplifier configurations for boosting, inverting, or otherwise changing your signal. tasks INVERTING that build AMPLIFIER on one another. 5mA per amplifier. This is a circuit in which the polarity of the signal at the output will be inverted or flipped from the signal going into the input. On the oscilloscope, this is represented in blue (channel 1). I can help with with audio testing. . = 3k32 R = 10 k 2 Circuit 1 + 15 V 15 V A1 A2. The blue wave (channel 1) on the oscilloscope shows you what is coming into the op amp circuit, and the yellow wave (channel 2) shows you what is coming out of the op amp circuit. The resulting output signals were visualized and scaled accordingly using the Agilent DSO6014A oscilloscope as seen in the image on the right. Equipment: OP-07 op-amp, bread board, assorted resistors and capacitors, DMM, oscilloscope. The TL064 is not a great Op-Amp, and if you pull the input voltage too low, the output of the voltage R1/R4 divider will go below 0V, and you will begin to pull current through the ATMEGA's integrated protection diodes, which is generally a bad idea. The OP Amps, which required additional DC power sources, were powered accordingly using the Agilent E3531A DC power supply with an input voltage of +/- 15 V. Students will compare typical values of slew rate obtained from a data sheet to those measured in Multisim. This lab will focus on a few the different functions of the basic inverting and non-inverting configurations. This video explains how I setup my scope to check the distortion of the amplifiers in my review videos. our Use discussion this to construct of op-amps. Experiment 4 Op-Amp Circuits Purpose: In this experiment, you will learn about operational amplifiers (or op-amps). In actual practice, the most-common applications are variations of amplifiers, active filters and the comparator. The easiest way to check an op-amp works, without an oscilloscope is to build a schmitt trigger oscillator circuit with it and use it to flash an LED. Procedure Part A - The Non-inverting Amplifier. Oscillations can be observed by monitoring the output waveform on an oscilloscope. But I can't manage to amplife it. Nov 11, 2022 · Zero-Crossing Detector Circuit Using Op-Amp Materials Required Op-amp IC (LM741) Transformer (230V-to-12V) 9V supply Resistor (10k – 3nos) Breadboard Connecting Wires Oscilloscope Circuit Diagram and Wiring In this zero-crossing detector using an op-amp configuration, the 230V AC supply is connected to a 12-0-12V transformer. Oscilloscope bandwidth should match or be greater than the bandwidth of the TI device. In this lab you will look at some of the basic op-amp circuits and investigate their performance. Like the discrete differential amplifiers that you built last week, op amps have two inputs V+ and V−, and one output, Vout. Students: please ensure that Mar 27, 2024 · By carefully adjusting these parameters and following proper measurement techniques, you should be able to accurately measure the slew rate of the op-amp and recreate the graph on your oscilloscope. It uses two LM741 Operational Amplifier ICs (opamp). And finally, the lab will have students analyze and measure characteristics of Op Amp Comparator with Hysteresis CIRCUIT OP_COMP. Oct 21, 2012 · Before we show the oscilloscope output lets do a quick bit of mathematics - Lets plug the values into the formula and prove we will get the gain of ten. They are designed so that when you wrap them with negative feedback, the gain is so high that it overwhelms the non-ideal nature of the For the Op-Amp circuit shown in Figure 1, choose the correct Input/Output Oscilloscope Screenshot where pk-pk (1) denotes the input waveform (Blue) and pk-pk (2) denotes the output waveform (Pink): RE Rin 68k12 Vin Vout 10kΩ Figure 1 Select one: 180X20124, M54100050 Thu Feb 2308 11:36 2017 TOUR DUB Steg ~ -1. The only implementations of the op-amps so far are in the inverted and non-inverted form. The circuit is a standard circuit for an inverting amplifier. Here is a picture showing the hysteresis when using an LM393 comparator. As previously noted, noise gain is simply the gain seen by a small voltage source in series with the op amp input; it is the ideal amplifier signal gain in the noninverting mode. The current consumption of the op amp also increases from ~10mA to ~30mA. You will use the Analog Trainer breadboard system, in addition to the DMM, oscilloscope, and function generator. 1 The 741 Op-Amp Equipment 741 Op Amp 10 Ω Resistor 10 kΩ Resistor 100 Ω Resistor Part A: Powering up the 741 Op Amp The 741 operational amplifier, or op-amp, comes in an 8-pin dual inline package (DIP) which looks like this: If you look closely at the package, you will find a notch at one end or a dot in one corner. I'm using a piezoelectric speaker as an shock sensor. In PHY2028 students are given a heap of components, a breadboard, and measuring equipment. Introduction: This article presents a simple implementation of a compact convenient portable test circuit which can be used with a low bandwidth oscilloscope to quickly check any standard voltage feedback op amp with standard pin outs. Feb 13, 2021 · I just completed (and submitted) a recent lab report in an electronics class on op-amp circuits. Op-amps serve many purposes, but one of the main uses is to amplify a small signal by increasing the voltage level while preserving as accurately as possible the original waveform. To test a resistor you can just use a multimeter, set it to ohms and measure it. 500 *Agilent Acquisition Normal 50 The inverting amplifier demonstrates the "closed-loop" operation of an op amp because a portion of the output is "fed back" to the input. The symbol of the op-amp with the associated terminals and ports is shown on Figure 1(a) and (b). Simple circuits containing operational amplifiers can be used to perform mathematical operations, such as addition, subtraction, and multiplication, on signals. Op-amp inputs usually conduct very small currents, called bias currents, needed to properly bias the first transistor amplifier stage internal to the op-amps’ circuitry. Proper gain matching between the two paths is essential to maximize the common-mode rejection ratio. Reading Ch 8. Nov 25, 2014 · The oscilloscope is set to X-Y mode with X axis tied to the triangular waveform (also the input into the Op Amp via R1) and the Y axis is connected to the Op Amp output (pin 1). The diodes’ 600mV drop means the oscilloscope may see an unacceptable overload, bringing displayed results into question (for a Introduction The operational amplifier (op-amp) is a voltage controlled voltage source with very high gain. They include bias current, offset voltage and current, and the op-amp transfer function. The Circuit Gain = Vout / Vin Gain = - Rf / R1 Vout / Vin = - Rf / R1 In the example above, Gain = -47 / 10 = -4. R. OBJECTIVES: To gain additional experience with design and construction of opamp IC circuits, to explore the use of a basic sensing element, the thermistor, and to become familiar with the oscilloscope's XY mode. Turn ON both function generator and oscilloscope. It is as if the signals on the output get flipped vertically. By following the steps outlined in this guide, you can learn how to test your amplifier and ensure that it is functioning properly. Introduction This lab is a continuation of negative feedback op amp circuits studied in Lab #5. You will also look at some properties that can limit their performance, such as frequency response (or speed) and noise. 7 It's OK to ignore the K because it cancels out. A two operational amplifier differential amplifier has a common mode gain of 1, and adjustable differential gain, and only requires three resistors. For a start, it needs Linear Tech Design This differential oscilloscope probe is based on a Linear Technology application note. This virtually guarantees that nothing will work first time, and students are forced to develop troubleshooting skills. The difference between the two signals then, is what is amplified. The 500-MHz wide gain of +2-V/V bandwidth is complemented by a very high 2675-V/µs slew rate and fast settling time that make it ideal for time-domain and Oct 26, 2024 · The oscilloscope was then used to measure the voltage output and input of the op-amp to measure the gain. j8tereylrrk8akcp8si534qhc5ff4jlk3ror7c465gfvkyo6ob2bc